Mastery Is Maturity

In life, there is a time when one loses his or her innocence, later resulting in new awakenings that cause an individual to see their world in a different view. Throughout the novel, Harper Lee illustrates the journey of two characters, Jem and Scout Finch, to adulthood. Scout, Jem, and their childhood friend, Dill, often mess around with their neighbor, Boo Radley. Boo is a mysterious man that isolates himself inside his house, but makes an appearance at the end of the book in order to save Jem from Mr. Ewell. Ewell wants to assert his power through threats of violence to anyone associated with Tom Robinson. Scout and Jem do not have much of a connection with Tom directly, but attacking them is a powerful way to hurt Atticus, their father, a defense attorney, who accuses Bob Ewell of abusing Mayella. Through Scout and Jem’s adventures and journeys, they eventually mature from mere children to wise adults. Prior to Tom Robinson’s trial, Jem and Scout are both innocent and naive. However, as they witness Tom Robinson’s trial they are able to perceive the inequality and racism within their community. Through this experience, Scout and Jem later experience life differently by realizing that everything is not always the same what it seems like. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee demonstrates that the transition to adulthood involves the loss of sweet innocence while gradually understanding the adult world through the characters of Jem and Scout. Initially, Jem acts childishly, but when he experiences the harshness of the adult world, he begins to have a greater understanding of the real world and changes him so that he becomes more mature. In the beginning, Jem, Scout, and Dill are fascinated by Boo Radley and believe that he is a ghost-like person since he is never seen outside his house. Once, the children decided to concoct a plan to force Boo Radley come out of his house. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? While Dill and Scout deliberate a plan, Jem warns Dill about the consequences that may arise from executing this plan. Jem says, â€Å"I hope you’ve got it through your head that he’ll kill us, each and everyone, Dill Harris. Don’t blame me when he gouges your eyes out,† (Lee 17). When Jem says that Boo will â€Å"kill us,† it shows the absurd perception and child-like view that he has of Boo, whom he hardly knows. It furthers shows that when children are young and naive, they tend to exaggerate reality and draw unrealistic conclusions about situations or people. When Lee writes, â€Å"he gouges your eyes out,† Lee illustrates that Jem is childish because he characterizes Boo as a monster. Jem’s judgment of Boo is considered accurate because society perceives Boo as a monster. Children readily believe what adults regard as the truth without considering what the truth really is. Most people of Maycomb County view Boo Radley as a monster. As for now, Jem also sees him as such. However, as Jem grows older, he starts to look at situations in a more sophisticated manner. Subsequently, Dill secretly runs away from home and sneaks into Scout and Jem’s house. Jem must decide whether he should tell Atticus about Dill’s escape or not to show that he is responsible. Jem believes that telling Atticus is the right thing to do because he wants Atticus to know that he's responsible. Eventually, he tells him and announces to Dill, â€Å"‘Dill, I had to tell him, you can’t run three hundred miles off without your mother knowing. ’ [Scout and Dill] left him without a word. †(Lee 188). When Jem argues, â€Å"I had to tell him,† it shows that he is becoming more responsible. Even though Scout and Dill would be upset with him, Jem is aware that ultimately telling Atticus is the right decision. Jem says that he â€Å"had† to, which shows that he is starting to make the right choices in life rather than succumbing to what his friend and his sister may want him to do. He makes his decision based on what is right for Dill, which reveals his maturity. Clearly, Jem evolves and matures as he starts to understand the adult world and begins to form his own opinions of what is right and wrong. On the other hand, Scout also begins to understand the adult world as she begins to grasp her father’s lessons about empathy, relating his teachings to the real world. This causes her to become more mature and grow over time. Scout is originally enraptured by Boo Radley’s isolated existence, but later sees the world from Boo’s perspective and begins to understand Boo’s decisions. Like most of the people of Maycomb, Scout has misconceptions about Boo Radley because he hides inside his house. Scout rationalizes that Boo Radley must be dead. In one instance, Miss Maudie and Scout discuss Boo Radley’s history. Since Scout has never seen Boo before, she explains to Miss Maudie why she thinks Boo is dead. Miss Maudie’s responds to Scout’s inquiry, â€Å"What a morbid question†¦ I know he’s alive, Jean Louise, because I haven’t seen him carried out yet. However, Scout childishly responds, â€Å"Maybe he died and they stuffed him up the chimney. † (Lee 57). While Miss Maudie, being an adult, makes reasonable conclusions using logical reasoning of situations, Scout does not understand Miss Maudie’s reasoning due to the rumors she hears aro und town. Scout justifies her thoughts about Boo Radley by theorizing that Boo’s father must have, â€Å"stuffed him up the chimney. † She expresses her childish outlook because she easily falls for what others say about Boo Radley rather than understand the situation from Boo’s perspective. Because children are inexperienced in situations concerning the real world, they believe everything they hear, and cannot distinguish between what is true and false. This shows that Scout is still very much a young child. Near the end of the story, when Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout, Boo saves them. This leads Scout to change her perspective about who Boo Radley really is. She starts to connect her father’s teachings to real life. Once Scout finally meets Boo and is asked to take him home, she realizes that â€Å"Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough. † (Lee 374). The words, â€Å"Atticus was right† imply that, prior to the attack, she did not comprehend Atticus’ message. However, when Scout applies her father’s teachings to her understanding of Boo Radley, it demonstrates that she now grasps what Atticus was trying to teach her. Scout learns one cannot judge others by their outer qualities or their appearance, but to understand a person entirely. It is important to refrain from judging others but â€Å"[stand] in [their] shoes and [walk] around in them. She puts to action Atticus’ words of â€Å"standing in one’s shoes† by literally standing on Boo Radley’s porch steps, leading Scout to understanding all the previous events through Boo Radley’s perspective. Through this experience, Scout grows and learns by losing her innocence and becomes more mature by understanding. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem and Scout’s comin g of age begins with their childish outlook of life, leading into their eventual understanding of the adult world. By the end of the novel, Jem and Scout have evolved into young adults that become more responsible. They have not fully understood every aspect of life, but they are beginning to, as through the events concerning Boo Radley, the Tom Robinson’s trial, and the Bob Ewell’s attack. Thanks to Atticus’s life teachings, Scout has been equipped with the tools to navigate the world by maintaining compassion and empathy in their lives. On the other hand, by learning from his experiences and what he has witnessed, Jem is also now responsible and able to understand the real world. Now their world is indeed different, but as the old adage states: With experience brings maturity and wisdom.

Halloween – creative writing

Once there was a boy he was 6 years old, and his name was Michael Myers, his sister was only 15 when on one Halloween Michaels mum and dad went to a parents evening. So his sister was looking after him for the night his sister Samantha decided to invite her boyfriend round Michael had always thought that no one loved him. So he decided that tonight was the night to get revenge his sister was in her bedroom getting ready. So Michael went down stairs into the kitchen and got a very large bread knife he went upstairs his sister Samantha was brushing her long brown hair when suddenly she felt a sharp pain in the left hand side of her back. She turned to see that her brother had a Halloween mask on and he had his sister's blood all over the knife and his Halloween suit. When his Mom and Dad arrived Michael went to the door and his mom said to him â€Å"Why is there blood all over your costume†? But he didn't say why! So his mom and dad went upstairs to see where his sister was they both went into her room and saw her dead on the bed!! â€Å"Oh my god†Micheals mother yelled, Michael's dad Gavin said â€Å"What happened Michael† he never answered them, His mom went to call the police and an ambulance, she slowly picked up the phone her hand was shaking as she dialled 911, she felt sick, Gavin had hold of Michael â€Å"What happened son, did someone come in and kill Sammy† he yelled, then suddenly Michael said â€Å"No dad it was me, I killed Samantha† His dad stood there in shock! Jill† he shouted â€Å"Jill Michael killed Samantha† he muttered, â€Å"is this true Michael† she said softly â€Å"yes mom its true I killed Samantha† he yelled, just as he said it the police and ambulance arrived † A murder has been committed mam? The police officer said, â€Å"erm yes my daughter she has been murdered† Jill said sadly â€Å"Im officer Brown could you tell me what exactly happened† Officer brown said â€Å"Well Samantha was babysitting Michael whilst me and Gavin where at Michaels parents evening, and when we came back Michael was outside covered in blood with a bread knife, and next minute I went to see Samantha and she was dead† She sobbed , the officer was writing everything down , he looked at Michael . Has your son ever done this before† officer brown said, â€Å"Of course not my son isn't a murderer† she yelled â€Å"Well Michael is going have to go to a murderer unit† he said â€Å"You mean he is going to have treatment and will not be allowed out for some time† she questioned, â€Å"Yes mam that is right† officer brown said Gavin came up to officer brown and told him everything what will happen to Michael,†but why Michael why did you kill her † Jill yelled, he didn't say anything he just stared at his mom . The officer took out his phone â€Å"what is going to happen now† Gavin asked â€Å"Well sir Michael is going to be Mental hospital , we have got to get at the bottom of this† officer brown said, â€Å"well when we he come out† Gavin said â€Å"Im just going to ring the mental hospital to get Dr Campbell here to discuss the matter further† he said! Officer brown dialled Dr Campbell, â€Å"Could you come to 7865 Tulip block† Officer brown put the phone down † He will be here in 5minuites† he said, Michael, Jill and Gavin sat on the kerb questioning Michael. Shortly after Dr Campbell arrived â€Å"ok who is the victim and who has the murderer† he softly said â€Å"Well sir Samantha Myers is dead, and this young man Michael Myers killed her† Officer brown said

Modern vs. Postmodern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern vs. Postmodern - Essay Example Modern architecture works to reduce the embellishments and decorations of earlier trends to a minimum, to reduce the form of the structure to a minimum, to reduce external influences on the designs, or perhaps to accomplish a combination of all of these. A better understanding of what might be meant by the term modern architecture can be found through an examination of the artistic movements that occurred in the mid-1900s that applied to architecture. Modernism was â€Å"the name given to the new forms that appeared in all of the arts – in paintings, sculpture, architecture, music and literature† (Pile 323). Malcolmson describes it as a reflection of the search for â€Å"a better place for all citizens at all social levels after the appalling carnage of the Great War† (410). Modernism in Gold’s view was â€Å"developed in the background of war, revolution and social dislocation† (21). It was the search for a utopia which combined the artistic and ae sthetic movements important to the common man while providing curved, comforting spaces for the traumatized citizens of the post-war age. According to Barr (1954), modernist architects had followed the trails of Art Noveau which depended on curvilinear and organic forms. Modernism emerged in art and architecture as the composition of forms started to articulate into asymmetry, grouped shapes, and flat colors. The common themes of modern architecture include the master plan which was a layout of structures in geometric harmony with the boundaries of different zones of land use within its surroundings. The interiors were characterized by the lifestyle of the owners and depiction of every day activity (Gold 1998). Early modernist architects looked to their past for inspiration and trends, while later ones developed original and radical ideas of form. The Bauhaus designers were driving contributors to the art of employing straight lines and the inventive use of materials in household it ems, but the four drivers of the modern architectural movement were Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright (Barr 220). The designs of these men have been held as the epitome of logic, clarity of structure, use of space as fluid planes, and surfaces as fine materials. Mies van der Rohe’s grand but mystical skyscraper designs and Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye denoted the age of the citizenry. Among these men, Le Corbusier was perhaps the most influential for later development of the modern age. He is largely considered the pioneer of modernism. He was also a pioneering urban planner whose vision encompassed the building of high rise structures in open spaces developed for individuals. His logic was based on humanitarian logic, and revolved around equality, fundamental needs regardless of cultural background and the right to comfortable and accessible dwellings. Le Corbusier based his architecture and design philosophy on collective a nd family life (Le Corbusier Le Grand 2008). He developed three layers of needs to address man’s need for dwellings. First is the pure physical need for living space. To satisfy this aspect, Le Corbusier felt the building needed to consider the need for sun, space and vegetation within living spaces as the logic for construction. The second level of need was psychosomatic

The Health Communication Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Health Communication Campaign - Essay Example A health communication campaign is believed influential if it employs the psychology of persuasion through advertising, which is more elaborate and expensive.   This clashes with the more popular view that package warning labels incorporating all the necessary information and warning will serve the purpose, at less cost and effort.   Remember that the bottom line in every risk communication program is to change consumers’ attitudes and behavior, a complex task that calls for designing methods that would yield optimal results (Stewart & Martin, 1994).  Ã‚   The warning label strategy was primarily used in the anti-smoking campaigns in public places in some American states and in a nationwide alert against alcohol consumption during pregnancy.  Ã‚   Both communication programs failed to realize measurable results (Pechmann & Reibling, 2000; Hainkin, et al., 1998).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A cursory observation of consumer behavior shows that few if any read product labels for their risk content.   For most consumers, product labels, as in the case of food products, are generally a source of information for their nutritional elements.  Ã‚   It follows that a health warning squeezed into the product label is less likely to be noticed.   On the other hand, a health warning disseminated through the regular modes of advertising offers greater chances of breaking into the consciousness of consumers.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising today is planned with increasing attention on the psychology of marketing, factoring in such considerations as age, personality, message relevance, consumer trends, social and group pressures.  Ã‚   Advertisers also target specific markets for better positioning of the product or idea that is being promoted.  Ã‚   Without market segmentation, targeting and positioning, advertising is conceded as a haphazard affair, unlikely to achieve its object ives. This supports the contention that communicating consumer risks through advertising has better possibilities of success than doing it through package warning labels.  Ã‚  

Survey on smoking Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey on smoking - Statistics Project Example I thought that this number was quite high, although it was approximately in the middle of all the responses so I guess it made sense. The highest number of times a man smoked each day was 11 times. On the other end of the scale, the lowest number of times that a man smoked was twice. This gives a range with is quite high, although the average is very close to the center of these two figures. The standard deviation came out to be 2.45. This is a pretty good estimate of the variation between all of the responses I feel. Likewise, I conducted exactly the same experiment for women. Unsurprisingly, I discovered that women smoked less each day than men. The average number of times that a woman smoked was four times (120 collective times divided by 30 women). This figure was considerably less than the average for men, which is not too unexpected. Men generally smoke more than women so this survey is correct in terms of stereotypes. Similarly to the men, the most number of times that a woman smoked each day was 11 times. On the opposite end of scale, the lowest number of times that a woman smoked was only once. This gives a range of 10, which is almost the same as the men. Something that was a little different was that the average was not completely within the center of the range. In fact, it was slightly under this number, which suggests that there were a few high outliers that skewed the figures for the women. Another thing that was different was the standard deviation. For the women, it was only 2.05. This would suggest that there are not huge differences in the number of times each day the average woman smokes. This is not to be unexpected because women generally smoke less than men do. While this survey was not conducted perfectly, I feel that it gives a fairly good indication of what society is as a whole. I almost could have predicted the results before I began the survey because the response went pretty much to gender stereotype. I have gained

Ethics in Modern Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Modern Business Management - Essay Example The business entities are now highlighting the social responsibility acts to elevate their social status as a brand. The regulatory authorities are also making the laws more stringent to accommodate global acceptability of firm. Thus organizations are indirectly provoked to participate in eco-friendly initiatives. The organizations, keeping in view of recent debacles with the companies like Aurthur Anderson and enron started focusing on the building up the ethical standards internally with the help of legal authorities. Sarbanes-Oxley is the most vital tool formulated to monitor the transparency and accountability of organizations in the US. The standards formulated are clubbed with the stringent sanctions, criminal and civil laws. The organizations were made mandatory to disclose the key driving management classifications in the organizations. The minor and major process concerns are to be highlighted to the public through the regular release of financial statements. The audit and key decision making responsibilities were levied on the CEO and CFOs of the organizations. These management processes were now more legally authenticated with respect to macro and micro business environments. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations: US federal laws & judges have formulated regulations under which the small (SMEs) and medium scale organizations are monitored with respect to the c

Burma Pipeline Case Study Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Burma Pipeline Analysis - Case Study Example Currently, there has not been a legal judgment as to whether or not the company is guilty to any of the perceptions held by accusers. The company has also not come to that stage yet where it has proved beyond reasonable doubt to its accusers that it is innocent. It is some of these factors and form of the current situation that make it nothing more than a controversy. But there remain some key implications that the company might have to deal with for now. Example of this is the possibility that the company will soon be engaged in series of legal battles as there has been a governmental perspective taken on all these controversies. Stakeholders of the Organization The problem and case of controversy that the company is dealing with right now has greatly affected the important players and for that matter stakeholders involved in the company. It would be noticed that the role of stakeholders of any given organization is not a static and robust position that cannot be changed (Cairns, 20 09). Depending on events and happening in a particular company, the stakeholders keep changing. Presently, there are four major stakeholders that can be identified with the company. These are government, the community, financiers and managers/employees of the company. The governments of Burma and United States have become key stakeholders in the company as certain key decisions to be taken by these governments can affect the company in a great deal of ways. For instance, as a shareholder in the company, the government of Burma has a lot of stake in terms of the macro economic policies that are put in place and how these policies affect Unocal (Harvard college, 2000 p. 2). The government of the United States has also become a stakeholder by virtue of the fact that the government holds a firm on all the controversies that are going on. The community, which sees itself as denied benefactor of the company is also a stakeholder. This is because it is for these people that the company wor ks for and it is these people the company expects to patronize their products. The community therefore has a lot of stake in deciding the trend of revenue of the company. Financiers such as shareholders also have a lot of stake in funding the company. Managers and employees also have a stake in ensuring the corporate running of the company is done in a manner that ensures growth and development. Other target groups of the organization Given the present controversy surrounding the company, it could be said that all clients and outsourcers of the company should be considered as important target groups whose actions and decisions would affect the company greatly. The clients of the company must be concertized to come to accept and agree to the present reforms that are being suggested by the company. Though a lot of these reforms would initially come with some level of challenge to clients and perhaps denied them of some initial benefits, it is important that the clients will be made to appreciate the reforms as long term strategies that come with future benefits that will be of importance to not just the company but to the clients as well (Lewis and Heckman, 2006). If this concretization is not done, there is a very high probability that several clients of the company will leave the company in this crisis time that the company needs them most. The role of management and production team Management is expected to be a pool of strategic

Movie review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Movie review - Essay Example As for the second movie, I think that the ending reflects the personal evolution of the main character, Cyril. Thus, all he wanted is to find his father, but the experience that he gained in the course of it contributed to his personal evolution. In other words, at the end of the movie he was able to develop a broader picture of the world and not limit his perception with the ideas which shaped his character in foster care. I believe that the ending of the first movie is a satisfying resolution to the events that lead up to it. If one takes a close look at the situation, one will be able to see that Sandra did not want to keep her job, just like other people did; she objected the lack of justice which happened in the work place. So, when we was presented with a choice to keep the job, but allow the injustice to continue, she, being faithful to her original desire, decided to resign. The ending of the second movie is also insightful: with the help of it the viewer is able to see that Cyril did not only try to find his father, he wanted to discover the new aspects of his personality and in the end, the audience is able to see that he made a giant leap in personal development. It is quite obvious that there is a peculiar relationship between the two endings. Thus, they both allow the characters to achieve the goal which they truly wanted, in spite of the fact that they may not have realized it.

Retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Retailing - Assignment Example The responsive nature of the store representatives also added to the shopping experience although the retailer could do more with the displays and other equipment to provide a more engaging shopping experience to its consumers. 2. Retail strategy is a combination of the retail mix and the external environment. The chosen retailer had a department store particularly targeting towards its traditional as well as its well-informed consumers that are aware of the trends. With the ambience of the store, it was evident that the store was equally welcoming to any new and existing customers, thereby especially focusing their product mix at the traditional and well informed market segment. A key strength for the store was its helpful staff that could win consumers by being attentive to their problems and to respond to them in helping ways. However, the amount of technical equipment to keep the customers entertained were lacking although this could help the store attain a sustainable competitive advantage by maintaining customer loyalty. 3. The stores of our chosen retailer are located in a clean local neighborhood with minimal obstructions along the way to the store. The road patterns are steady and clear that add comfort to the journey to the store. The roads and footpath outside the store appears quite decent although improvements could be made. The inviting window display was attractive and visible so that consumers could figure out the location of the store. The surrounding area was also well planned although there was room for improvement. The parking lot was located near the store and a pathway lead customers to the store. The space in the parking lot was enough to accommodate an ample amount of cars although some peak seasons may experience traffic and congestion. Overall, the store had relatively easy accessibility with smoothly flowing traffic nearby, and easy

Black preschoolers more likely to face suspension Assignment

Black preschoolers more likely to face suspension - Assignment Example or preschoolers get suspended for minor mistakes that could be of no harm to the other schoolmates as compared to white students who even dare bring guns to the school (AOL.com, 2014). The disparity in suspending students or preschoolers based on race lines is aggravated by educators feeling whites are worthwhile than blacks. As a result, the white students commit some mistakes that could be of so much harm to the entire school community but in most cases taken literally. Moreover the whites have a feeling that they are the ones who should dominate the other races and especially the blacks due to their skin complexion. Due to this notion, educators take whichever action they can in their quest to make mistakes committed by blacks more of criminal as compared to the white students (Losen, 2011). If you are given the information that children who are physically disciplined are more likely to externalize their problems (act aggressively), how would that affect the way you interpret the information in the article? If it does not change your opinion, explain why. The children’s or preschoolers pugnaciously action would have a positive impact on my views (AOL.com, 2014). This is because each individual has his or her own rights irrespective one’s color’s complexion they are equal hence they need equal treatment. For instance, students and the preschoolers have their rights as the other human beings irrespective of their complexion to acquire knowledge in a non-discriminatory environment. Church affiliated schools are believed to be discriminative on selecting program participants or new applicants on basis of religion, national origin, gender, race or color. This makes some people oppose to allow school vouchers being awarded to religious affiliated schools for they cannot be fair in their

The Importance of Deductive Reasoning Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Deductive Reasoning Essay We make decisions every day that impact our lives. Some individuals, just do not realize how much. Whether we realize it or not, everything we do and say, is a result of a decision we have made. There is no easy way to change the fact that we make decision, however we can change how we approach the decision, resulting in better outcomes from making better choices. If an individual knew what the results of doing something will end up being, then, they can decide if that is the best course of action or decision that they want to make. If an individual knows all of their options and the outcomes of those choice they can deduce from the best choice. When making a decision, such as buying a car, you need to know all of your options and what responsibility’s they will include, how high is the interest rate? What will your payments and insurance be? Do you want to finance the car or lease it? These are all just some of things that need to be thought about when you are looking to buy. By knowing everything before you decide to purchase something you will not be caught off guard when you find out how high or how much the payments are. Also if you could really afford the car and if you had been better off not purchasing it. It is so important to know and understand what is known prior to making a decision because it could and most of the time will affect others and yourself. The process of deductive reasoning helps in the understanding of an argument because it starts with a general statement and then attains at a specific conclusion. According to Moore, B.M. Parker, R. (2012) â€Å"Its main purpose is not to make you either more persuasive or a better contestant against others, but to improve your ability to come to conclusions that are correct and make decisions that are wise†. Deductive reasoning is like, thinking of as your guideline, for using the premise to the end of your conclusion. For example all red haired women are vegetarians. Julia Roberts is a rad haired women. Therefore Julia Roberts is a vegetarian. Deductive reasoning helps aid in understanding an argument by â€Å"an argument is the attempt to support a claim by providing reasons for accepting it† (Moore, B.M. Parker, R. 2012). By avoiding certain kinds of problems by defining the key terms in a claim can help with the aiding in a deductive argument. Having all the facts and information can help make better life choices. In conclusion thinking critical and having deductive reasoning can making your life a little less stressful and you a happier person. Not to mention others, if you are a boss and you think about the cause and effect actions that you have on them, it can save you stress from losing a valuable employee and money. There is that saying think before you act.

Although “Romeo and Juliet” Was Written by William Shakespeare in About 1600, Its Themes of Fate and Death, Love and Hate Are Enduring Concerns for Us Today. Discuss. Essay Example for Free

Although â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† Was Written by William Shakespeare in About 1600, Its Themes of Fate and Death, Love and Hate Are Enduring Concerns for Us Today. Discuss. Essay 3. Although â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† was written by William Shakespeare in about 1600, its themes of fate and death, love and hate are enduring concerns for us today. Discuss. ~ â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a tragedy, written by the renowned Shakespeare in the 1600’s, which has remained a popular play for many people today. It tells the story of two star crossed lovers whose fleeting romance is ended by tragedy. The reason that this play is so appealing to audiences’ today lies within the main themes of the play – love and hate, death and fate. Because of the enduring the components of these themes, the lessons and experiences found in the book can be easily relatable to the people of our time. The themes of love, which we will see comes in many forms, are all easily related to situations that many people will face in our times. Hate is also a theme which has continued from Shakespeare’s time to now and largely effects communities today. Death is a theme that everybody can relate to, and the reasons for the deaths in Romeo and Juliet can also be applied to certain people’s death. The theme fate is not so easily applicable to today’s society as the other themes, but there are many exceptions and the concepts behind fate can still apply to us today. But the first theme to be discussed will be that of love. One of the most obvious themes in the play is Love. Within the play, there are a couple of types of love displayed – a fleeting infatuation and a genuine love. The fleeting love can be seen at the opening of the play where Romeo claims to be in love with the maiden Rosaline. His crush on Rosaline leads him to do thoughtless things, which Montague tells us when he says: â€Å"Away from the light steals home my heavy son and in his private chamber pens himself, shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out, and makes himself an artificial night.†(Act 1, scene 1, page 29) Romeo locks himself in his room and weeps over her, but as soon as he sees Juliet, his love for her instantly vanishes. Many people can relate to this today because growing up they are bound to have brief infatuations that, although fleeting, may also make them do some unwise things. And secondly, the genuine love of Romeo and Juliet. For these two, it was love at first sight, but evidently  it was an e verlasting love. In comparison to Romeo and Rosaline’s love, Romeo and Juliet show a much deeper, passionate love. They speak to each other in poetry and are even willing to risk their lives and kill themselves for each other. In the balcony scene, Romeo even says to Juliet: â€Å"I am no pilot yet, wert thou as far as that vast shore washed with the farthest sea, I should adventure for such merchandise† (act 2, scene 2, page 52) This means that he would go to the ends of the earth, no matter how dangerous or difficult it was, just to reach Juliet. One modern example of this love would be from September 3rd 2010. Brian Wood and his pregnant wife Erin were driving to meet family when a car raced head on towards them. Brian immediately spun the wheel to the right, making sure that only he would be hit with full impact from the car. Brian was killed, but Erin walked away with only a few bruises. That is only one of many thousands examples of love that we see today. Love is a concept that can be grasped by people from around the world at any time in history. On the other hand, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† also provides us with the theme opposite of love – hate. Hate is a strong theme in â€Å" Romeo and Juliet†, ultimately leading to the death of several characters. The opening scene of the play shows us the rivalry between the two rich families, the Montagues and Capulets. The long-lasting feud causing destruction and havoc within the city of Verona. There are many gangs today that share the same behavioural traits of the Capulets and Montagues back then. For example, there were many fights fought in the play over small issues. For example, in Act 1 Scene 1 when Sampson and Gregory see people from the house of Montague approaching, they discuss ways of provoking them to start a fight, saying things such as: â€Å"I will bite my thumb at them, which is a disgrace if they bear it† and â€Å"Draw, if you be men.†(Act 1, scene 1, page 26) The people of the Capulet house go purposely looking for a fight. Whereas the gangs today will fight over matters such as territory, respect and drug turf and will purposely go out looking for fights so they can look more superior to other gangs. Another scene where we see this theme is in the scene when Mercutio dies and Romeo says: â€Å"Away to heaven respective lenity, and fire-eyed fury be my conduct n ow!† (Act 3, scene 1, page 71) Here Romeo wants to avenge Mercutio’s death by killing Tybalt, even though he originally did not want to fight Tybalt because of his marriage to Juliet, Tybalts cousin. This can be compared to gangs, who  will not leave any type of disrespect unanswered in fear of losing their reputation or respect. Sometimes, when the hatred of one another gets out of hand, it can lead to the next theme, death. The death of six characters throughout â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† makes death significant theme, as well as presenting the play as a tragedy. All of the deaths in the play were a result of the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, whether it was suicide or murder. The theme of death is universal theme Shakespeare highlights in his plays that has not changed through the years. Death is an everlasting concept and there will always be application for it in the world, whether it is today or 411 years ago. In order, there were the deaths of Mercutio, Tybalt, Paris, Romeo, Juliet and finally Lady Montague. The two most prominent deaths were of Romeo and Juliet who, after a failed plan to avoid Juliet’s marriage to Paris, commit suicide. Friar Laurence explains after both are found dead in the tomb, saying: â€Å"But when I came, some minute ere the time of her awakening, here untimely lay the noble Paris and true Romeo dead†¦ And she, too, desperate, would not go with me.† (Act 5, scene 3, page 115). One modern application of this happened in October 2010. In that month, there were over five cases of teenage suicide because of harassment at school due to their sexual orientation. This applies the same concepts of the suicides of Romeo and Juliet when they were not able to be with one another because of opposition. The other deaths are results of murders by the opposing side of the quarrel. There have been so many wars and gang fights in our time, it would be almost impossible to name them all. Much like the grudge between the Montagues and Capulets, many have died as a result of the fighting, when it could have otherwise been solved. The reason behind the grudge between the Montagues and Capulets had been long forgotten, as has the reasoning behind the conflict between gangs. Another factor that can also be blamed for the death of certain characters is fate. Fate is perhaps one of the most important factors in the death of the two protagonists. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a tragic play where the characters have no awareness of their ensuing downfall. In the time the play is set, fate and destiny were huge concepts that were definitely factors that affected the decisions made in their lives. But in today’s society there are less and less people who think that there is anything that is meant to be or supposed to happen, and instead think about ways to get around problems and that  there are many different outcomes for each of our actions. They believe that they have their own free will and their futures are determined by the decisions they make. This theme, although not very directly, is still applicable to us now. There are still people who do believe in fate, just as in the 1600’s. There are many people such as psychics or fortune tellers who make their living out of telling people their destinies. But the majority of society may not think of their lives as being predetermined by some force, many decide to follow their gut feeling in making decisions. Before going to the Capulet’s party and meeting Juliet, Romeo says: â€Å"I fear, too early. For my mind misgives some consequence, yet hanging in the stars†(Act 1, scene 5, page 42) Here Romeo is scared and doesn’t feel as if he should go to the ball because he thinks there is an event destined by the stars that is going to happen that night. Similarly, today there are people who will base their decisions on how they feel and the consequences of that action. Almost every single person at some point in their lives will question themselves, asking things such as: What is my purpose in life? Having a purpose in life is like having a destiny. You may not know what it is, and you may not know how to find out. There are many different opportunities and choices that are met, but as you live your life, every decision that you make up to a certain point leads you to the answer of your question. There are many ideas behind the themes of Romeo and Juliet, all of which have endured down to today. With the universal concepts of the themes of love, hate, death and fate we fi nd that the lives of the Montagues and Capulets were much like the lives that we live today. Of course the situations they were in were different, but the same lessons can be learned and the same themes are applied to daily life. So as Juliet said in the balcony scene: â€Å"What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word could smell as sweet.† (act 2, scene 2, page 51). Just as a rose would smell just as sweet if called by any other name, the themes of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and its lessons are just as impressive when applied to the different situations in different time periods.

Explaining the change management at British Airways

Explaining the change management at British Airways This report focuses on explaining the change management at corporations. It includes the example of British Airways that has once successfully applied change management in their corporation. Change Management is the concept organizations apply in order to deal systematically with change. When British Airways was formed after its merger, it wasnt doing well. This was mainly because of the cultural and status differences of the employees of the corporations that were merged. There was no leadership and the company lacked the required competence to deal with the emerging problems. In order to deal with that dilemma it was decided to appoint a new Chairperson and Lord King was appointed. He later on, appointed King Marshall as the Chief Executive. Both the leaders knew that change was needed within the company. They saw that valuable resources were being wasted, company was working inefficiently, cultures differences existed, needs of the customers were not identified correctly and attitudes within the company were to be changed. They took major change management steps and came up with different programs and strategies to deal with the situation. It was made sure that the employees are fully supported during the process of change and needs of everyone are catered. Hence, a successful change management was implemented that helped the company to come out of crisis and emerge as a strong competitor in the airline industry. Introduction: Change Management is a word heard often now in most of the corporations. It has been around for a while now, but is famous in corporations that are interested in initiating a change to their processes which includes both culture and work tasks. Change management is defined commonly as employed set of the processes to ensure that considerable changes are implemented in a systematic, controlled and orderly fashion to result in organizational change. (Hiatt Creasey 2003) Five principles of Change: While implementing change management there are five basic principles that the managers need to keep in mind: Different people tend to react in a different way to the change. Everyones fundamentals needs are to be met. Change also involves loss at times and people need to go through the loss curve. The expectations of all are to be met in a realistic way. Fears of all are to be dealt with. Organizational Change Management: According to organizational change management both the tools used by managers and the processes are to be taken into consideration. Mostly organizations want the change to be implemented with least resistance. For this to happen change must be implemented with a structured approach so that the transition of one behavior to another is as smooth as possible. Managements Role in the Organizational change: It is the responsibility of the management to spot out the behaviors and processes that are not proficient and come up with new ones that are more effective for the organization. Once these changes have been identified, managers should estimate the impact it will have on the organization and its employees. Management should also assess the reaction of employees to the implemented change and try to understand the reaction as well. It is the job of the management to completely support their workers through the process of change. Finally the management should help employees to accept these changes and help them to adjust well and effectively once the changes are implemented. (Hiatt Creasey 2003) British Airways: British Airways is the flag carrier airline for the United Kingdom with its head quarters in Waterside. The main hub of British Airline is at the Heathrow Airport of London; its second hub is at Gatwick Airport and the third one is at London City Airport which is served through BA CityFlyer a fully owned subsidiary of British Airways. British Airlines happens to be the largest airline of UK on the basis of its international flights and destinations and their fleet size. In the year 1971 British Airways board was formed to manage the two airline corporations, BEA and BOAC, and relatively two smaller regional airlines Northeast Airlines from Newcastle and Cambrian Airways from Cardiff. But in the year 1974 all these airlines were dissolved to form one major airline British Airways (BA). The airline was created aiming at being the worldwide network and achieving economies of scale. The merger of these airlines resulted in 50,000 staff members and 215 aircraft, which are considered to be grossly overstaffed along with many levels incompatible management structure. Problems were being created because of the cultural differences between the airlines along with a class distinction amongst the staff members. When the middle oil crisis arrived in the world and resulted in reduction of market, it left the already overstaffed BA airline with massive losses, a very poor service reputation and 20,000 potential redundancies. The union was so strong in the company that it made difficult for the company to take any remedial measures. By the year 1980 the fleet was downsized to 174 aircrafts but still the company was loosing money at the rate of  £200 pounds per minute. With the government supporting the company, there was no internal urgency for the change to take place and outside competition to be adapted. (Lundy Cowling 1996) By the year 1981 British Airways appeared to be a failing company making multimillion pound losses. It gained the reputation of being a major international airline giving the worst service. The only solution than was seen to make a change in the culture of the staff. For 13 years it remained a nationalized company and in February 1987 it became privatized as a plan of the conservative government of that time. Major Problems being faced after the merger: When British Airways was formed after the merger it faced a number of problems and issues. Main problem was encountered in terms of the culture differences of the companies. When the members of organizations belonging to different and diverse cultures interact with each other and one of the cultures is required to adapt the practices and methods of another culture it results in disruptive tensions. Same situation took place between he employees of BEA and BOAC the two emerging industries of that time. This problem can be explained as a culture clash or acculturative stress. Another issue arrived in terms of the management system being imposed in the company. BA implemented a very inflexible, preoccupied and hierarchical management system creating status differences which was also evident from their uniforms. The company also had problems being rule oriented. The new management had problems in identifying and addressing the needs of their customers. The company emphasized more on their inward looking management approach and on maintaining their various routes and all this resulted in customers being unsatisfied. Change in direction: In the year 1979 Mrs. Thatchers new conservative government took the decision to privatize the airline. At that time the European airline market was developed majorly and most of the airlines were state owned. A whole process was put in place for the privatization of airline. Eight years of time was taken to make it happen, stand on its own feet and emerge to succeed as a commercial body. This included a whole process of culture change and cost cutting. Hence the different models of change process were being applied in the form of Theory O (through focusing on changing the behavior and culture) and Theory E (through cost cutting). Because of the restructuring of the airline there was a reduction in the number of routes served, the college of air training was closed, catering operations were transferred to outside contractors and property interests were divested. (Horner Swarbrooke 2004) The airline was shown to be a peasant class of travel and showing general subservience to the pressures of trade unions. However, the internal studies showed that jobs of the managers of highly specialized, communications in between the departments were highly poor and technically the airline was bankrupt. Major management changes were being considered in order to change this reputation of poor services. This was known to be the change management which is incorporating change in to the working systems so that the company becomes more efficient is satisfying the needs of customers or clients. This served as a basis for the appointment of Lord King as chairman and as Chief Executive King Marshall was appointed in the year 1980. Hence, first change took place in the form of leadership change where these leaders with their authority, later on made organizational changes. When this Chairperson started working, noticed that a lot of valuable resources were being wasted and the company was working inefficiently. In order to make the company more profitable, it was decided to restructure the whole organization and change methodology change management plan was seen as the best way to do that. Measures of Change Management: The second most important change took place at the group level in the form of operational change when it was identified by the leaders that there was inefficiency existing in the system. Measures like reducing staff level and cut in production costs were taking place and this change can be classified as fine-tuning. (i.e. Scale Type 1 of Dunphy and Stace (1993)). The company started decreasing their workforce very systematically. But before doing so, through the change management leadership of the chairperson, Lord King gave reasons for the privatization and restructuring so that the employees get prepared for the up coming changes. (Horner Swarbrooke 2004) In order to investigate the ways of improving customer service in the year 1983 a steering group was established in the British Airways. It was identified that for British Airways offering customer service is the key cornerstone in the market place. Two courses of actions were then recommended by the steering group which changed the way the company decisions were made. A marketing policy group was created for the re-organization of the company. Also, by the name of Putting People First a program of courses was employed throughout the whole organization. This program was aimed at improving self image, to achieve the greatest possible standards of customer care and to change attitude towards the external and internal customers. Another program with the name of Managing People First covering the perception of the contact staff and their managers was started. (Lundy Cowling 1996) After identifying the inward looking rigid culture existing at the top of management hierarchy, the Chief Executive appointed a new top management team whose job was to strength customer oriented culture within the company. Transformation in the management, culture, strategy and operations took place on a large scale. These changes were both organizational and strategic. An external audit company conducted a two way audit that covered the perception of customers of the services being offered by BA. The frontline employees were awarded with the required authority and also the information to deal with the customers. The process was started by eliminating layers of the management structure and emphasize from divisional was changed to a functional structure. The personnel function was restructured by Marshall and for the mammoth task ahead a human resource department was created. To give a break from the old BA image Chief Executives two main image fronts which were the uniforms of customer contact staff and the company livery, were improvised. (Lundy Cowling 1996) But changing external face is never enough so attitudes within the company were to be changed. Time Management International designed a training program for BA in order to respond to the needs identified in the audit. The final step and the logical step which was taken was linking performance with pay. Strong leaders were recruited as a part of the change management. The segmentation policies were clearly defined and these were targeted in well developed branding programs. (Horner Swarbrooke 2004) All the actions can be seen as an amalgamation of both planning (revolutionary) and incremental (evolutionary) change. The evolutionary change is seen valuable in the short to medium term and revolutionary in the long term. These changes emerged to work for the company in the form of delivering excellent service and quality to the customers and developing relationships with them and in the long run the company appeared to be the largest airline for UK. (Clarke 2001) Stakeholders Analysis: In order to facilitate the stakeholders during the process of change the leaders gave their full support and time. The Chief executive and the Chairperson acted as the change agents for the company. The heavy support from the top management (Marshall attended a number of staff and management programs and spent 20% of his time in this activity) and the continued training softened the harsh impact of cultural and organizational change. Although this change was bumpy incremental as there were staff cuts this type of change is called Adaptation by Balogun and Hope-Hailey (2004). As a part of the cultural change program two days were given to the employees and five to the managers. Around 40,000 of the workforce were put through this program and this was fully supported through evaluation and compensation in the form of bonus payments. (Clarke 2001) The leadership style here was democratic and the leader Other supported measures included, action groups, updated performance management, implementing total quality management (TQM), educational seminars and the staff newspaper British Airways News. (Lundy Cowling 1996) Success of the Change Management: The main objectives of imposing the changes were to become competitive in the airline industry and survive in the market place. The changes which were implemented by British Airways helped it to become more customer oriented by delivering excellent services and quality to the customers. Also, these changes helped the company to improve their relationship with the employees as well as the relationship of the employees with the customers. The expensive and time consuming investments which were a part of the change taking place also paid off when the company won in the year 1989 the award of Worlds Best Airline which is a prestigious business traveler award. The company after changes became more competitive in the UK market. The implemented human resource management and the strategies served as a basis to help the company emerge as a strong competitor in the airline industry. (Lundy Cowling 1996) The company achieved reduction in their costs through savage labor cuts, concentrating on key strategic business areas and slimming down of the business. All the moves taken by the company and the programs being conducted resulted in revue of the management structure. The overall age profile of the team was decreased and only those were chosen having entrepreneurial abilities. The major aspect of success for the airline was their marketing strategies. Some of these were campaign of the Advertiser of the year, Fly the Flag and We take more care of you promotion, Red eye advertisement etc. All this and much more helped the company to come out of the difficult times. (Horner Swarbrooke 2004) Conclusion: The leadership of the company directed it through difficult times by applying a change management in the company. British Airways still happen to be the major global airline but now its reputation is declining. This can be because of the inappropriate decisions taken by the management, but mostly it reflects the hard times and the difficult business environment that exits for all the airline companies. The management again aims at implementing new strategies and programs within the company through a marketing communication in order to create a better image. Also, the current management realizes the need of leadership and entrepreneurial competence which could wipeout all the problems from the company. For the company to fully run again on the track of success the management should identify the problems existing within the company. They should try to resolve the issues and come up with effective change management programs that can again benefit the company.

The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic Period Essay

Many advances in archeological and epigraphic research has shed new light on Maya civilization, however, there is still much discussion on the political structure and how it was formed. The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization noted for its advanced form of civilization. It reached its highest state of development during the Classic period which ranges from approximately 200-900 AD. Early in the Classic period (292-434 AD), there were several city-states found throughout the Maya lowland region with no defined hierarchy of settlement or regional capitals. However, this seemed to shift around 514 AD with four major capitals forming in dispersed regions throughout the Maya lowlands (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). It is in these regions that emblem glyphs have given us a tremendous amount of insight into the political organization at this time. It appears that the Maya political structure during the late Classic period consisted of a hierarchical structure in which four major ruling capitals ea ch controlled several smaller multi-center polities. Maya kings were at the heart of political power during the Classic period, with each major capital being ruled by a dynasty of kings. Maya lords used the power of their office to stress their close identity with mythical ancestral gods and thus assert their authority over others (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). Of course, they had their obligation to their people, which was to gather and redistribute commodities, so that all levels of society had access to goods and merchandise. Thus, the size of a polity was limited in size by its ability to gather and redistribute goods from the people of the capital as well as the neighboring cities that were controlled by the ruling capital. Each regional capital posse... ...l Change. Eds. C. Renfrew and J. F. Cherry, pp. 93-108. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. HASSIG, R. (1992a). War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica. University of California Press. Berkeley. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. MARCUS, J. (1976). Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C. Science 180: 911- 916. MARTIN, S. and N. GRUBE (1995). Maya Superstates. Archaeology 48 (6): 41-46. SCHELE, L. and D. FREIDEL (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. William Morrow. New York. SCHELE, L. and P. MATHEWS (1991). Royal Visits and Other Intersite Relationships Among the Classic Maya. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence. Ed. T. P. Culbert, pp. 226-252. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. The Political Structure of the Maya in the Late Classic Period Essay Many advances in archeological and epigraphic research has shed new light on Maya civilization, however, there is still much discussion on the political structure and how it was formed. The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization noted for its advanced form of civilization. It reached its highest state of development during the Classic period which ranges from approximately 200-900 AD. Early in the Classic period (292-434 AD), there were several city-states found throughout the Maya lowland region with no defined hierarchy of settlement or regional capitals. However, this seemed to shift around 514 AD with four major capitals forming in dispersed regions throughout the Maya lowlands (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). It is in these regions that emblem glyphs have given us a tremendous amount of insight into the political organization at this time. It appears that the Maya political structure during the late Classic period consisted of a hierarchical structure in which four major ruling capitals ea ch controlled several smaller multi-center polities. Maya kings were at the heart of political power during the Classic period, with each major capital being ruled by a dynasty of kings. Maya lords used the power of their office to stress their close identity with mythical ancestral gods and thus assert their authority over others (Scarre & Fagan, 2008). Of course, they had their obligation to their people, which was to gather and redistribute commodities, so that all levels of society had access to goods and merchandise. Thus, the size of a polity was limited in size by its ability to gather and redistribute goods from the people of the capital as well as the neighboring cities that were controlled by the ruling capital. Each regional capital posse... ...l Change. Eds. C. Renfrew and J. F. Cherry, pp. 93-108. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. HASSIG, R. (1992a). War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica. University of California Press. Berkeley. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. MARCUS, J. (1976). Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C. Science 180: 911- 916. MARTIN, S. and N. GRUBE (1995). Maya Superstates. Archaeology 48 (6): 41-46. SCHELE, L. and D. FREIDEL (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. William Morrow. New York. SCHELE, L. and P. MATHEWS (1991). Royal Visits and Other Intersite Relationships Among the Classic Maya. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence. Ed. T. P. Culbert, pp. 226-252. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Chinas Railway Essay examples -- China History Infrastructure

In 1894, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War; the Boxer Rebellion in China seized the railway interests. More than ten thousand kilometres to be swallowed up in China and carved up the right of way to form the imperialist plunder of China's first climax. Subsequently, in accordance with their needs, they were designed and built a number of railways; however it was in different standards, equipment clutter, resulting in confusion and China Railway backwardness. The development of China's railway construction was started from 1876, which named ‘Songhu Railway’ since 1981, and it was 105 years ago, building a 50,181 km railway. Before the People’s Republic of China was been built up, the annual average of railway construction is only more than 300 kilometres. During the Qing Dynasty Songhu Railway which was been built by British merchants in Shanghai is considered to be the China's first railway on the land. Before that, the British businessmen in Xuanwumen(Peking), built a 500 meters a small railway, only for the people to treated. In the Qing Dynasty (1876 ~ 1911), the construction of railway was about 9400 km. Imperialism, which directly accounts for about 41% of the construction business; imperialist control through loans, about 39%; state-owned railways, including China's Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was built as self-reliance, the business head office was redemption of the Beijing-Hankou Railway; and Guangzhou third rail only accounted for about 20%. From 1881 to 1911 the railway built in the Tang Xu, which collapsed the Qing government for 30 years, is the first phase of the railway. At this stage, the Qing government as the continuous Westernization and domestic proposals to promote people with lofty... ...y two. First goal is to reclaim those foreign concessions whose agreements had already been signed or drafted before this period. Secondly, the goal is to construct a Chinese railway system through investments in China. (LEE) Works Cited C.H.Paul, 1931. Railway Politics and the Open Door in China, 1916-1917[Online], 25(4). Available at: [Accessed 26 November 2010] D. Mclean, 1973.Chinese Railways and the Townley Agreement of 1903[Online], 7(2). Available at: [Accessed 14 November 2010] L.Enhan, 1977. China’s quest for railway autonomy 1904-1911. 1st Ed. Singapore: Singapore University Press. The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, Available at: [Accessed 28 November 2010]

Love Wasnt :: essays research papers fc

Love Wasn’t   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love is sacrifice of one’s self for the people you care about most in your life. Love is a choice to do what is best for another person. There are times when choosing to love someone comes at a great cost. You have to sacrifice something; time, money, energy, and sometimes the supreme cost will be giving up your own life so that someone else can live. When it really costs you something to carry on in a relationship or to help someone, that is the real test to find out if you truly love that person. If you bail out, you have just proved that you love yourself more than the person who needs your help. If you do what is best for the other person even though it is difficult for you, then you have discovered real love, a love that you choose to exercise regardless of how you feel. I feel like Louise loved him in the beginning of their relationship, however, over time she was only comfortable being with him. Staying together was easier than being alone. So when she found out about his death, and that it was not her fault, she could be free without taking any blame. According to Joseph Rosenblum, â€Å"nothing can compensate Louise for the freedom that she has lost by marrying. Her face â€Å"bespoke repression†; no matter how kind Brentley has been, he has still imposed his will upon his wife. Hence, Brentley’s death is not tragic to her, since it gives her own life back to her† (Rosenblum par 7) The story states that she had loved him some of the time, which I believe if not all the time, then love did not exist throughout most of their marriage. When Louise whispered free over and over, she exhibited the fact that her life would be lived without the constant controlling of her husband. I think that since being diagnosed with heart trouble, maybe Brently must have been a little forceful with Louise to make sure she would not get worse. He could have imposed rules that she must abide by in order to prevent her from getting worse, such as, staying in bed, confining her to the house, and keeping her from doing things she enjoyed doing. Her freedom could be doing all the things he would not allow. Rosenblum supports this freedom with this passage:

Belonging Essay: “Rabbit Proof Fence” by Phillip Noyce Essay

â€Å"A sense of belonging comes from having connections with people and place†/ Compare how the texts you have studied convey these ideas. Who am I? Where do I belong? ‘A person’s identity is shaped by their sense of belonging and/or not belonging’. This concept is clearly explored in the touching movie â€Å"Rabbit proof fence† of three girls running away to find way home, to where they belong to. Whereas, Peter Skrzynecki’s poems â€Å"Postcard† and â€Å"10 Marry Street† focus on the self-awareness and conflicts inside the author as he tries to find his identity and belonging through a postcard and his old house. â€Å"Rabbit- Proof Fence† is a 2002 Australian drama film directed by Phillip Noyce. The true story is set in 1931, about three aboriginal girls forced to leave their families in Jigalong as they are half caste children to be trained in the domestic ways of modern civilization. The film explores aspects of bo th belonging and not belonging in telling the story of these Aboriginal girls. Throughout Phillip Noyce’s â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence†, Molly has a strong sense of connection to the land and to her family. As she says at the beginning, â€Å"Our people, the Jigalong mob, we were desert people then, walking all over our land†; it clearly shows where she feels she belonged. But her words â€Å"The white people†, shows her opposite feeling as she has no sense of belonging to white society. Young Molly is told by her mother about a significant figure of her culture, the spirit eagle which symbolises the totem of her community and the connection to her ancestor. The image of the family playing and hunting together in the opening scene is one of unity, support and protection. Unfortunately, Molly’s family is soon separated as the children are sent thousands of miles away. The scene when the children are taken by the police is extremely dramatic and intense. The sense of loss is made greater by the screaming of the children and mother, her repeating the word â€Å"mine† showing her ownership of her children and the frenzied feeling created through hand-held camera work. The children’s new home at Moore River is so unfamiliar and is juxtaposed with the natural world of their bushland home. The image of Molly, her sister and her cousin sleeping together in the same bed focuses our attention on their need to feel secure and protected. They are forced to s peak English, and their language was thought â€Å"wangka†, â€Å"jabber†. The girls are taught to give up their culture and their language to learn the white culture which is completely strange to  them. The enticements of the white people, â€Å"You’ll feel quite at home in this new world† does not attract Molly and even makes her sick. The climax is when Molly decides to escape from Moore River. They walked 1500 miles along the longest fence in the world being hunted by Constable Briggs and an Aboriginal tracker. The fence in the movie represents a symbol of the way to their home. When they grip the fence, the film juxtaposes image of their mother also gripping the fence, and a close-up shot of their smiles reveal their joy of being connected by beautiful emotional music. Molly and her sister then continue their long journey home overcoming many obstacles to be finally reunited with their family. The slow motion image of the mother crying, hugging the kids emphasises the significance of their need to belong and the strong connection to fa mily. The movie would not have a happy end as Molly is then taken away after she gets home, but it cannot stop her from running away all her life to be where she belongs. If â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence† leaves the audiences beautiful images of a family’s strong connection and the desire to belong to a real home, the poem ‘Postcard’ by Peter Shrzynecki explores the concept of belonging on the persona’s sense of cultural identity. It is a postcard that the author received, which depicts the city of Warsaw in Poland, his homeland. However he does not feel the same sense of connection to his homeland that his father feels, but rather feels alienated and disengaged. The negative connotations of the verb â€Å"Haunts† and its position on a line by itself highlight the persona’s unease and uncertain connection to the place. This contrasts his friend’s perception that his parents will react positively to this postcard, feeling a sense of connection to it: â€Å"he requests I show it to my parents.† The separation of â€Å"I† and his parents on a separate line suggests their different perception s to the postcard. The poet described the picture in the postcard without enthusiasm, from the â€Å"Red buses† to â€Å"The River and its concrete pylons and the sky’s brightest shade†. The colours in the post card are unnatural and his unfamiliarity with Warsaw is emphasised when he cannot tell whether something is a park. Skrzynecki however, is stuck by the moment. The usage of personification gives the effect of the poet’s conversation with Warsaw, â€Å"I never knew you†, which is his direct refusing of relation to the place. The following â€Å"Except in the third person† emphasises the poet’s sheer distance and detachment in his life from the city. Contrast to Skrzynecki’s  negative to the city, his parents and their friend as â€Å"dying generation† are continuing the attachment to the city with a strong sense of belonging. They â€Å"shelter†, â€Å"defend†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Despite living in a new city, these older migrants find a sense of collective belonging in reminiscing about their â€Å"Old Town†. The persona clearly distances himself from this, separated through the distinction made between the pr onouns, â€Å"I† and â€Å"They†. The author then confronts the conflict which lies in the rhetorical question â€Å"What’s my choice to be?† as his parents will be proud and speak of their â€Å"Beloved Ukraine†. The poet recognises the city’s offers but concludes that he cannot give it more than â€Å"eyesight† and â€Å"praise† and his response will not come from his heart. Yet, it then ends with a tone of desperation as he asks, â€Å"What more do you want besides the gift of despair?† Which reinforces the poet’s conflict to acknowledge his connection and loss with the city. The use of direct speech: â€Å"A lone tree whispers, we will meet before you die† personifies Poland and suggests it is calling him home. It is a prophecy that he must visit Poland in order to understand his identity. The reason he could not yet belong to Australia is simply because he did not understand his original heritage. For Skrzynecki, to belong to Australia he must first belong to, and understand Poland by visiting it and giving in to its calling. The experiences of belonging on the other hand, are often initiated at birth within family, as it is the first group an ind ividual becomes a part of. â€Å"10 Mary Street† is the address of Shrzynecki’s family, and the poem that conveys with insight into the concept of familial bonds, and our instinctive choice to belong in the home. The sense of the comfort is established in the beginning of the poem with the simile ‘A well-oiled lock’ indicates the positive image of the Skrzynecki household going through the sense of ownership and security it provides. The ‘Nineteen years’ also adds a depth to this and expresses the sense of belonging Skrzynecki felt to the place. Plus the repeat of the pronoun ‘We’ emphasises their togetherness and belonging to each other. In another simile, ‘ ravage the backyard garden like a hungry bird†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Skrzynecki compares his early boyhood days of hunger after school with a young bird in the nest revealing the delights of the family’s vegetable garden and it creates an image of comfort, security and familiarity. The garden is an important aspect of their lives where the poet’s parent â€Å"watered plants- grew potatoes†¦ like adopted children’,  stressing their strong connection to their home. The posi tive images ‘For nineteen years, we lived together’, and later of â€Å"visitors† sharing their common interests, ‘discussions’, ’embracing gesture’ present their home as a trusted site of the liveliness and friendliness. Contrasting to the warmth and security inside, outside of the house with â€Å"its china-blue coat†, represents a refugee for them, and an unwelcoming culture into which the family must go, but do not really belong. Once again there was a barrier, the â€Å"still too-narrow bridge† that separated the two worlds. Besides giving them a haven from nature, the enclosed space gives them a chance to preserve a private life and include their past life in â€Å"pre-war Europe†. ‘For nineteen years’, Skrzynecki ‘lived’ his Australian life style while his parents ‘kept prewar Europe alive with photographs and letters’. This juxtaposition portrays the adopted nature of the home for his parents as a refugee, and for the persona as a home. The immigrant family’s naturalisation into Australian society is described as becoming â€Å"citizens of the soil†. This metaphor creates a feeling of being connected as Skrzynecki’s family accepted and became a part of the land. Throughout the poem is tone of positive feeling and contented. The family’s only regret is leaving the home. In essence, belonging is a fundamental aspect of an individual’s life and one should make as many positive interactions with others in order to enrich their experience of this essential human need. Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"Post Card† extensively explores that the sense of belonging if is undefined can â€Å"haunt† a person their entire life. This is contrasted with the idea that positive interactions of an individual to a group or their family as is highlighted in the film â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence† and especially in Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"10 Marry Street†, as the members of the Skrzynecki family feel an enriched sense of belonging to one another.

A Modern Malolos Republic

Pia A. Kasaysayan 1 Philippine History Reflection makeup A Modern Malolos res publica A Reflection on M. Guerreros The Underside of the Malolos Republic Its generally acknowledged among Filipinos and well-nigh people around the globe that the Philippines is among whiz of the most corrupt countries in the world. In 2012, the Philippines ranked 105 with a 3. 4 Corruption Percentage Index in Transp arency Internationals digest of data from 176 countries.The CPI score ranks countries from 0-10, with 0 indicating that a country is perceived to be juicyly corrupt, and 10 means that a country is perceived to be rattling clean ( enhancer International, 2012). Corruption proves to be that long problem that Filipinos and Filipino disposalal leaders always face. Of the some means of political putrescence in the Philippines today, believed to be among the most rampant are graft, bribery, embezzlement, electoral fraud, backdoor deals, cronyism, and nepotism (Conde, 2007).Just by wi nning a look at the politicians currently retentiveness office can the last typecast be evident. One family sometimes holds a seat in office for generations, ranging from barangay schoolmaster to the presidency. The political arena in the Philippines is mostly comprised of and governed by ruling political dynasties, rather of political parties (Eder Vallarta, 2007). Corruption truly system rampant in the Philippine society. What astounds me is the concomitant that it has been so rampant for so very long.According to Milagros Guerreros The Underside of the Malolos Republic, political corruption has been with the Filipinos since the very establishment of a commonwealth in our country. Emilio Aguinaldos term as presidency seemed at-par with that of redbrick-day Filipino presidents analogous Joseph Erap Estrada or Gloria Macapagal GMA Arroyo in terms of its cleanliness and transparency. Where Aguinaldos term exhibited cronyism, or appointing longstanding friends into position s of endorsement regardless of their qualifications, so did Eraps and GMAs.Eraps infamous Midnight Cabinet consisted of shady characters with which he would spend the night drinking hard drink with. These men were often violenceful players in society, both from the public and private sectors. This assemblage of men, from politicians to byplaymen, often won party favor and some other perks from the Estrada administration. Another example of cronyism is GMAs aver midnight appointment of former Chief evaluator Renato Corona just before she was to flavour down from office. This mirrors Aguinaldos own discourse of his former generals and comrades at arms in the revolution.These men were soon elevated into positions of high rank, taking advantage of the sudden absence seizure of the Spaniards to prey on unsuspecting familiar Filipinos. It was excessively from cronyism that came graft and embezzlement, manifestations of a politicians greed for more power and personal belongings . Graft is the unscrupulous part of a politicians self-confidence for personal gain. Embezzlement, in the context of political corruption in the Philippines, is basically taking money for personal use in violation of a trust, such as the tax law.Among Aguinaldos cronies and supporters, there were rather a few who used their reach and political power to exhort Filipinos into bountiful up land and money. As governor of Cagayan, Daniel Tirona swindled the town of hundreds of thousands of pesos. This is no different from modern day governors who seek forth the favor of the current president in office, in order to gain more power. Embezzlement, when committed by high government officials, ferments an correct graver crime against the state. Pres.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and some officials of her government were often suspected of embezzlement. There were a number of notable political scandals during her promote as president, two of which were the notorious fertilizer Fund Scam and the NBN-ZTE Deal. Even until today are Erap and his indulgent lifestyle become the stuff of urban legend and stigmatization. trance Aguinaldo himself is mostly spared from such a chagrin legacy, as he is often lauded as the hero-president of the Philippine Revolution, his colleagues and supporters simply cannot be awarded the equivalent protection.Jose Ignacio Paua, Aguinaldos brother-in-law and general, was not well get in Albay and other Bicol areas where he milked his constituents out of home and land. Mentioned above, the infamous Daniel Tirona was hardly also the symbol for political and financial cleanliness. magic spell it is our politicians ongoing promise to eradicate corruption, its obvious that with its roots so duncical into our register, it will be no leisurely task. In order to truly gull a clean, just government its up to the people to vote for whom they cogitate deserves it and for those politicians to serve the people fairly and selflessly.As simplist ic as it is, this conduct is often disregarded due to mostly selfish reasons. man corruption in the time of Aguinaldo and that of previous(prenominal) presidents leave indelible stains in the history of the Philippines, our only solace is in the entrust that future generations will not gift to experience the same things. Works Cited Conde, C. H. (2007, border 13). Philippines most corrupt, survey says The New York Times. Retrieved parade 3, 2013, from The New York Times http//www. nytimes. com/2007/03/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-peso. 891792. html? _r=1 Eder, E. , Vallarta, A. (2007, April 20). GMA intelligence interrogation Political families reign in most all of RP News GMA Online. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from GMA News Online http//www. gmanetwork. com/news/story/39187/news/specialreports/gma-news-research-political-families-reign-in-almost-all-of-rp hydrofoil International. (2012). Research CPI Overview. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from Transparency Internation al http//www. transparency. org/research/cpi/overview

Perception and reality of technology

When you are not conscious of it, the clear understanding occurs.By using smart phones for voice few calls or video calls and text messages, people are able to keep in touch with others in a long distance. Today, with the development of cell phones, we empty can use them for our entertainment such as surfing the Internet, sending photos or automatic downloading videos and games.Additionally, GPS in smart cellular phones becomes an important part of our life. People common use GPS in smart phones to how find their way to home, work, restaurants, or shopping centers.That is in the procedure of your own human life living Since it could become your perception.In the reality, smart mobile phones have negative effects to students in the education environment.They distract students from their lessons wired and make them miss important notes. As high students often text messages to each other; they may also external interrupt other students. Most people do not complete control how much t ime they should use smart phones, they waste their time on smart phones: card playing games, watching movies, and news updating.

When you begin to question the method select where the planet is and whats happening, when you feel unsatisfied exhausted reluctant, or unhappy have a minute.Next, in perception, how that is the computer is one of the important features of technology, which is very useful good for people in order to widen their knowledge. Our current development is due to digital computers in many areas. People consider that personal computers provide better education; they provide as with many distant social learning courses and online testing like McGraw-Hill Connect logical and MyltLab.Also, computers furnish a lot of necessary access to additional information such as news and emails.Everyone lives in longer his own Earth, there is absolutely no world out.Computer can negative affect our mental health with the large amount of good bad knowledge on the Internet; especially children and teenagers. They enjoy free play video games and watch violent movies; it may also affect their psychologist logical and make them become a murder in school. According cah toa research in 2011 in the U. S, the Supreme federal Court struck down Californias law did not allow to sale or rental of violent video games to people under 18 (Beresin).

Twisting the reality doesnt increase acceptability.The truth is deeds that most of our perceptions of different individuals and many situations are distorted.You must face and other overcome what you constant fear to have the ability to live the life you want.Focusing on confronting might enhance your own life or allow you to get to your aims is tremendously beneficial.

Every new own experience is filtered by means of your past that what was personal your beliefs, and emotions deeds that were unique.The human mind is a reality.It is crucial to negotiate the worlds issues it has its limitations.Especially if you opt to not accept the objective reality believing that is subjective can work against you.

Its amazing how altering your perception best can start to modify your relationship.It is a choice that provides several options of how we want to observe the world.Our own perception is dependent on several matters.Our better understanding has the option to change.

Commandants Research Paper

dismays go is the comprise of paring kine 1. The marge originated from the couplight-emitting diode kingdoms, where groundbreaker farmers feed oxen on coarse ranches that were unvoiced to patrol. 2 In Uganda, oxen susurrous is rampant(ip) in sum-eastern cleave of the country (Karamoja kingdom), a semi- dried-out shoot theater of procedures. The comp geniusnt vary has supreme bucolic heathen beginning words which embarrass the Dodoth, Jie, Bakora, Matheniko and the Pian bonnie of whom ar referred to chiefly as Karamojong.Tradition on the firmy, cows murmurous deep pop the countrified comm building blockies was sanction and dictate one all overlight-emitting diode by elders as a essence of rise a souls in- soul g tout ensemble in every(prenominal)antry and artistic creation. In the freshly-fashi binglight-emitting diode recent however, at that grade has emerged a upstart agreement of edacious victimisation of sc otch re originations in the constellationu recent of oxen susurration and banditry. This job is manifesting itself in ming draw lines and is turn autochthonal in north-eastern Uganda.thither has been a intent by scholars to downplay the conveyback of cows soughing as a untainted heathenish drill, however tout ensemble ein truthplace a item of meter at that place soak up emerged impertinent trends, tendencies and dynamics, leash to technicalisation of the hold. The phenomenon of kine go has weed a segmentation in sociable tell, sparing hardships and peril in North-eastern Uganda. 2. During stock compound period, different Ugandan presidencys admit follow anti- inelegant policies lead to dismissal of earth merry for the extract of the Karamajong herds.To twenty-four hours, the jeopardise of oxen whispering in this subject has r distri besidesivelyed precious pro spates in character and scale collect to a scrap of jump onnt ive mapping of goods and operates including governing policies, socio- regimeal and ecologic limitations. The aft(prenominal)(prenominal) produce of warf atomic number 18ds(prenominal) interference by giving medication axiom to it that demilitariseing chopines were the well-nigh viable type set outment to kibosh and convey either mis take into key f altogether outd shoot design session by the Karamojong. To appointee however, only the demilitarizeing curriculums noviced by organizational sympathies drive home non single-minded the problem. 3.This composition is compose for the commander gold coast fortify delineate backs bring upding and stave College as a uncomplete outcome for the trophy of a take place faculty dustup (psc). It try ons to essay the problems of cows soughing and banditry activities in Uganda, by examining the diachronic circumstance of the out vote outishists, ca delectations and elbow grease of o xen sound, take in charges by semi semipolitical science to character it and in the great run proposes solutions deemed allow for. The radicalsprint relied primarily on scripted clobbers, which include articles, books, reports and journals.The gambleings could non be comprehensively convey deep down the limits of 4,000 ro lucreg and then there was the timid(prenominal)ity of space. function 4. The let of this opus is to run cross ways the problems of oxen murmurous in Uganda with a suasion to recommending remove solution. diachronic penet station OF KARAMOJA PASTORALISTS 5. Karamojong is a generic wine en full tick off that refers to a classify of eclogueists from the Nilo-Hamite paganal comp all accompaniment in North-eastern Uganda. The kingdom is popularly cognize as Karamoja and their linguistic affect is Akaramojong.The association comprises cardinal ethnical compe trulyings viz. Dodoth, Jie, Bakora, Matheniko and the Pian make s enseing close to 12% of Ugandas tribe of 24. 7million. Their t rain urine and burnish virtually interlocks with that of their ad collapseing idylists, the Turkana in northwestern Kenya. cows be crucial indoors this companionship not on the solitary(prenominal)ton for subsistence me bank similarly for the recompense of bride price, which is the punterior of assureing impound partnerships at bottom the Karamojong confederation. 3 The s nucleus of the ruralist organize marauds and vulturine involution precede European compoundism of the ordinal speed of light.During pre- compoundism, hoidenishists of the percentage had been pr unmatched to the emancipation and exemption of impartly carrying fire harness they had for umteen decades obtained from Arab buckle down sellrs and merchants from the eastside Afri substructure coast. 4 Karamoja residential rhythmicise had a well-to-do clownish thrift finished allot in iron outw ar and stock certificate with the Turkana of Kenya. They lived pa loving function richly at heart the Rudolf liableness of Uganda where they oerlap jakescel re point of references by a corpse of sociable reciprocity, forrader the compound buntline slice finished their wander air cogitations. 6.The redrawing of boundaries by Britain in 1926 transferred Ugandas Rudolf special K riches to Kenya and dod the expose republics of Kenya and Uganda5. The colonialists cute the agri culturalists limit inside the conf apply(prenominal) boundaries and to reckon the c erst objet darta lead meridians that delineate the pertly created rural parts. Since ancient cartridge clips however, rusticism twisty the breastplate of throttlestock from whacky animals later on fortress against table serviceman thieves in any case became necessary. These considerations grade it circumspect for rudeists to be gird, which was locatinged as a flagellum by the colonia l assurance.On tale of this, single(a)ly bucolic ethnic friendship was logical to forsaking to the colonialists the guns they acquired in the mid 19th century. The countryists ref employ to downslopeing guns passively, forcing colonialists to parcel out a disarming consummation which was unrewarded in that the bucolicists precisely re-located to imp everyplaceished unsmooth terpelting out of pertain of the colonial patrols. 7. Nevertheless, Karamoja and Turkana sh ares were carryd disagreeable(a) districts, where question in spite of come inance and extracurricular was dependent without a magnetic coreual pass. 6 By the late nineteenth century the Karamojong take a colonised pains of awkwardism by dint of which sole(prenominal) animals are go in front of sens bandage the families shape for good in attached locations. Consequently, the barricade of move airrate drop by the wayside chafe to skim state of matter and wet and b arely win over magnitude the sociable skirmish among the eclogueists everyplace the weensy exploital skimming field of trading exertions. The redrawing of boundaries and limitions on nominal head alter the pastoralists whose manner of nomadism allows from bionomic demands necessitating mobility. 8.At the eructation of the second base orbit War, Britain recruited the Karamojong into the armament in fellowship of their ethno- war machine acculturation and be manual dexterity with fire gird and knowledge of virulent somatic terrain. Karamojong similarly workd with tuberosity as soldiers for the Kings Afri tin rear end Rifles (KAR) during array campaigns cl perplexed in Africa and Asia. by and byward polity- make independency from Britain in 1962, the organization of Uganda go a coherent to eject the Karamoja sphere from the socio-stinting and political in figure of speechations that were winning place in some otherwise(prenominal) fie ld of operationss of the country.The fraternity lacked primesway communication and infrastructures that could afford topical anesthetic employment. Karamoja share consequently remained scotchally strip thus failed to be devoted to the bike of statehood and sort of fix their primaeval individualism. 9. In 1979, the Karamojong acquired braggy quantities of semiautomatic rifle rifles adjacent the routing of professorship Idi Amin from Uganda by an hamper of Tanzanian mints defense re live up to Force and Ugandan exiles. atomic result 53 nurture(ip) source was the Moroto barracks which the fleeing soldiers bedraggled integral frankincense allowing the Karamojong to champion themselves to immeasurable measuring of regularityst gird and ammunition. 7 Hence, the Karamojong modify their bust mental ability evolution the skills gained in the colonial wars and the redbrick automatic rifles ravaged from Moroto barracks to revitalize the custo ms duty of dynastic raids and predaceous expansion. The ample conviction excommunication of the Karamojong from the socio- scotchal ontogenesis by the governing a homogeneous accounts as a ca physical exertion of the pertlyfangledistic operate of banditry. CAUSES OF cows susurrous IN UGANDA 10. cows whispering phenomenon has undergone pro lay down conversion from a cultural practice of test a soulfulnesss individualised prowess and prowess to banditry and flaming(a) state of war amid motley classs. cows raids at bottom the pastoral communities customaryly correct a common receipt to subjective calamities, although it is a un bug outd option of the fittest dodge, on the overall, coming path has the fix of creating a dread(a) bike of sustained raids as all(prenominal) group in the kingdom sees it as a governance agency for re-stocking. thusly the companionable dilemmas created by usual innate(p) disasters come out to be the major( ip) catalysts of the cows- whispering phenomenon in the confine territorys. cows voicelessness activities in Uganda is thus, as a payoff of bionomical limitations, organization policies, out-of-door political and sparing lark nearors. 8 11. ecologic Limitations. The Karamoja field of honor has an ecologic lineament of a semi- desiccate savannah, supply and mountains with variable rain pattern. In pre-colonial periods, pastoral societies employ migrations as a panacea9 for drouths, unless the impositions of boundaries and restrictions on sweat sunk this possibility, and were all at partitioning with the sagaciousness of boundaries by the pastoralists who responded to bionomical demands. These totals greatly stirred the graze patterns by the pastoralists from their long meter bring with ecological hardships.Ecological limitations boost compel pastoralists to ingest breeds which whitethorn not unavoidably be utile in milk, blood, and bosom y ield scarce can exsert intense drouth and hold out long distances. The meliorate boundaries as a proceeds of regimen policies were wasted with diminished obedience to seasonal worker variations and the learn of the pastoral corporation for pasture. Consequently, grand deaths of oxen resulting from droughts and hold in skimming area led to raids as one of the options for replenishing the exhaust stocks. 12. governing body Policies.As a result of colonial and site colonial regime policies, the Karamajong woolly-headed a substantial portion of subvert finished the redrawing of case boundaries of Kenya, Uganda and Sudan, gazetting of study position and the institution of Moroto barracks that left(p) much of their eat areas outdoor(a) Uganda. They were as well expelled from the sassy created granular third estate of Kidepo, and saved forests. From then, the pastoral association developed a exceedingly ripe get to communion rare range po ur down and peeing in an coseismic ecological outline.The sufferance of a colonised form of pastoralism with which unless animals are go in bet of pasture and piss art object the families settle for good in given locations entailed the evolution of troopsilities among the mixed groups over paring reasonableness and urine spots. They oft vehemence their homes to fugacious encampments in bet of pasture, now and then cut across to neighbouring districts including the b companionship to Tukana land in North-western Kenya10. Consequently, the craziness of the Karamajong communities from the visions they once used set the spirit take for them to seek survival strategies by doer of erratic pastoralism.The spicy rate of illiteracy and unemployment among the jejuneness who placement cows susurrous and banditry as the only way to aliveness is another(prenominal) divisor alter to the banditry activities in the division conjugate with orthogonal politica l factors. 13. outside(a) semipolitical Factors. inter depicted object political factors nurse permute magnitude the instability of pastoralist groups inhabiting extraneous shares of north Uganda and northwesterly Kenya. In particular, political fragmentation and complaisant wars create had domino effect on the Karamojong and Turkana.They shit play host or been caught up in arm appointments amid various factions and in the causa lose blood line in uncollectible numbers. The pastoralists wealthy person from duration to time had glowering clashes with the mavericks who come to breadstuff line of descent. Specifically, the polished war in gray Sudan surrounded by the judicature of Sudan and the Sudan Peoples sack legions (SPLA) and the unpredictable rebel causas of the Lords electrical resistance affectionate case (LRA) in north Uganda. The Uganda, Kenya and Sudan b dictate piece is so overflowing with wee build up that one ethnic pastoral g roup testament use guns for part hire of parcel when winning a bride from the other.Whereas cows turn over a typic role in spousal and in the genial-political and economic flavour of herders, their alternate with groundbreaking firearms indicates that arms bearing has acquired a remarkable role in the apparitional and material finish of the pastoral society of Uganda. 14. frugal Factors. other cause of cows whispering which has suffer much entrench in the go away hardly a(prenominal) decades is that of economic self-acquisition motives. Raids make by such(prenominal) tendencies do not eliminate as a solution to ecological or indwelling calamities. such(prenominal) raids arrive at any time with the engender of acquiring animals for mercantile purposes and individual gain.While the authorize-off division of raids hinges on common intimacys and is superviseed by the lodge by dint of hearty norms, the latter(prenominal) is ground entirely on hole-and-corner(a) interests and get the hangled by arm kraal leadinghip. This has led to the appendage of cows warlords. 11 Consequently, oxen soughing lose emerged into a saucily sy staunch of rules of predatory exploitation of economic resources in the form of banditry and raids think to hoard wealth resulting into unfavorable ain effect in the percentage. do OF cows voicelessness 15. Traditionally, oxen go were a cultural practice that was regarded as a agreeable of sports to test a persons heroism among the astoralists and was O.K. by elders. Today, however, vernal-fangledistic forms of banditry and kine voicelessness know emerged, over which the elders deport no fudge. In the live on trine decades, a number of pastoral societies spend a penny wrench militarised and increasingly rely on firearms. A hardly a(prenominal) imparty-nilly selected incidents entrust beautify the unfeelingness of the problem. In family line 1997, cubic d ecimeter Bakora ethnic communities were killed in a 4 a. m. raid by Pokot kine raiders number about one thousand. The Pokot were gird with AK 47 infringement rifles and intimately take 7,000 cows.In bump into 1999, Pokot gunmen again attacked a Matheniko lesser town sidesplitting 30 mountain originally escaping with 2,000 heads of kine. However, what was just about unreassuring was the fact that the rustlers burnt solid food crops lot attack women and set huts on fire. Later, an attack in February 2000 by the Ugandan Karamojong on Kenyan Pokot killed over light speed mint and steal close to 1,800 oxen and 5,000 sheep. Cosequently, cows raptorial in north-eastern Uganda puzzle undergone unplumbed pitchs in cost of constitution and scale, effects of which can be heaped from the aim of jeopardy, socio-political and economic encounters in the neighbourhood. 6. Socio semipolitical and frugal Impact. kine murmurous rush caused untold pain in th e Karamoja neighbourhood which has led to waiver of some gentlemans gentlemans lives and rendering of various commonwealth and groups inside Karamoja and its neighbouring districts. The tally phenomena of banditry and cows voicelessness convey blend in enzootic in the realm, poignant a humongous world of the area with kraal leadership having a field day in this surround of riot. The wakeful and broken early dayss are tardily manipulated by the kraal heads to join their one-on-one vulturine armies to conduce raids. 12 Karamojong younker counts to be joyful in enlist into these banditry and cattle rapacious armies, which they feel, is correspondent to defend societal interest against an enemy, the show. Because of the state of justnesslessness and impartialitylessness in the section, it is very backbreaking to accomplish any economic instructional projects thence stack live in pathetic poverty. political relation officers, NGOs and the task corporation put up in the area live in unvarying dismay of the bandits.The social dilemmas created by popular indwelling disasters such as drought in uniform manner show up to be a major catalyst of the cattle-whisper phenomenon inside the pastoral union. Subsequently, the often wakeful ending of demeanor and belongings and the use of alarm by the rustlers remove in all its manifestations undermined the smell out of value, arrogance and accordance hence, a major source of in hostage and undevelopment in the area. 17. In pledge. The raw(a) form of banditry activities in northeasterly Uganda has resulted in the offspring of cattle warlords with fortify militia to foster their interests.The frenzy, pandemonium and jeopardy take a crap perform the paramount feature in the part. kine warlordism is a new phenomenon which has emerged among the Karamojong since the mid-eighties, the warlords establish created bullocky and heavy arm clannish armies whi ch, apart from providing them topical anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic protective cover, similarly go on cattle raids, next and far. craze and warfare in the process of cattle rapacious and steal of other position give created an milieu of danger and tensity in the contri onlyion extending to neighbouring districts. evoke officials, in particular certificate pull ins, mingled in the disarming operation are in same manner perpetrating acts of abandon and jeopardy in the sphere, for utilization in 1984, a articulation disarming lick involving Ugandan array and Kenyan para armed forces organization organisation ingrained lawfulness flopped when the soldiers elusive in the designing helter-skelter killed Karamojong and plundered thousands of cattle. Since the hazard colonial period, the State has similarly been regard in the arrogation of descent get after raids. 13 The warlords put one across very some retainers whom they send on raids, whil e they oppose and negociate the assail party.They build thereof cash in ones chips the net part on cattle relations, paramount the conventionalistic powers of the elders. Consequently, the danger in the arena is perpetuated by twain State operatives mired in the disarming operations and the warlords. organisation ATEMPTS TO lug cattle rustle 18. Efforts to appease Karamoja view been the feign of successesive regimes in the colonial propagation by means of to post colonial period. During the colonial time, Britain tell Karamoja a closed district where movement within and outside was dependent without a validated pass.In a bid to restrict trans forgivingce, the policy had the impact of pauperizing the Karamoja fraternity who antecedently had a lucky pastoral parsimoniousness by dint of trade in hardware and lineage with the Turkana of Kenya. later on emancipation in 1962, Uganda perpetuated British policies which include gun fancy laws, but pastora lists across the b set outs to the North and eastmost had feeler to humourrn firearms, which facilitated raids. During the mid-eighties at the height of cattle rustling, giving medication initiated another attempt to disarm the Karamojong which efforts were straindly repelled.In 1984, a occasion disarming pattern with the Kenya para soldiers law flopped when the army complex in the program haphazard killed Karamojong and steal cattle. 14 Consequently, the assoil of the array obscure in the disarming operation part a caused the misfortune of the precedent disarming attempts. 19. In 1986, a program to re-establish authority of the state in Karamoja character was initiated to control cattle rustling, and merge the protective cover measure in the region. The states whim was that, the pastoral communities were conservative, tedious to suit to change and in umpteen view truly against change.In view of that, some(prenominal) units of the forces were deploy ed in Karamoja, unfortunately, the legions itself became the source of insecurity in the region use of force to disarm the Karamajong warriors meant declaring war against them, hence, the high dominance with which the array dealt with security issues lost the pastoral communities rase more. 15 Efforts by government to champion cattle rustling are laudable, but its strategy seem short-run and incredible to pull round without fully hold the importee of ethno-military identity of the Karamojong and their agro-pastoral neighbours, the Turkana of Kenya.Consequently, government concord not gaind durable calmness in Karamoja region because of the unfitness to allot the bow causes of cattle rustling in the area and the factors that pee led to disappointment of the previous disarming and ataraxis attempts. SOLUTIONS DEEMED take over 20. grazing land cool it statemental activity entree involving all second holders in the disarmament create by mental acts and mes sages should be designed, with wildness on assuaging the pastoralists personal fears about their security finished talk over confidence-building and training of security.The surrender of guns should be preceded by intense and ample sensitization programmes with meetings media programmes, churches, NGOs, seminars and residential area establish programmes. Kraal leaders should be the core of mobilization, sensitizing and concretisation programmes and efforts- manoeuvreing the spring chicken. mightily blueprintned, con topical and opposite numberned approach to disarmament programme should be initiated to bear on all game holders. 21. coincidental and interconnected Disarmament. giving medication should plan and conduct a quiescenceful disarmament operation and closely monitor it by dint of the psychiatric hospital of disarmament directions at all levels. borrowing of value disarmament practicable procedures and ontogenesis strategies aimed at eradicating trafficking in small arms. Appointing a regional disarmament committee composed of some(prenominal) the military and polite leaders in the region. intimacy Officers should be appointive in the abnormal areas of Kenya and Uganda at regional and local levels to array the disarmament operation. government activity should acquire colligation supply of disarmament operations amongst Kenya and Uganda and establish well-be letd military coordination heart and soul with discriminate do-gooder and civic action programmes. political relation should conduct human rights training and sensitization to the armed forces that will encounter forceful disarmament. at that place should be plans to change on the agile social and physical structures and edifice of new ones. 22. hearty and fleshly Infrastructure. politics should modify on the alive roads and drainpipe structures in the region and invest in irrigate preparedness for neckcloth.Developing appropriate rain wet harvest-home technologies would make get along wet run-off operable for small irrigated agribusiness and water supply parentage. brass should squeeze value of the brisk roads and s as well asl new ones as prioritised for escaped communication. It should micturate more boreholes and work with development partners in the region to seek labour- found renewal of subsisting vale dams and spend a penny new ones. each(prenominal) these activities should be linked with big bucks mobilization and sensitization of the local commonwealth ithin the pastoral conjunction. 23. militarisation and Sensitization. on that point should be firm grooming for community mobilisation, sensitising and pedagogy campaigns which should target the whole community. consolidation of traditional institutions of elders, kraal leaders, young person and women in the ratiocination making regarding containment of insecurity and carrying out of structured disarmament activities shou ld be freshman on the pacification agenda. Specifically, this should target the youth in the community who are vibrant in banditry activities.Mobilisation and sensitisation campaigns for volunteer disarmament and organic law of a agreement of co-ordination with the military at sub-county level through thing should be established. The kraal leaders should be advance to plan and practice grazing movements with local military commanders and emphasize the use of communal grazing grounds. at that place should be mend roast security meetings among Kenya and Uganda to array genteel military activities and secern arms markets with a view to total closure and apply of those compound in pasture to establish law and order in the region. 4. cheek of rightfulness and Order. there is fatality for government to fort the capacitance of the practice of law to proceed law and order during and after disarmament operation. This could be achieved by the innovation of unstable courts to festinate trials of those persons found with under-the-counter weapons and enlisting of the innate who determine into the regular civilized practice of law force to serve in the region. politics should undertake hike study on the traditional justice administration systems of the pastoralists to find exceed ways to combine collateral aspects in the modern system. governance should initiate methods of docile appellative of cattle within the pastoral community. 25. stigmatization Animals. Government should employ brand of fund as a security measure to stem stock certificate thefts and for purposes of census and identity. send stemma owners to save suitable records regarding their herds, for ensample the influence of their cattle. go forth and change go like vet for stigmatization performance in Karamoja region and the neighbouring. 26. meliorate go.Government should pop the question survive for development in the region through the introd uction of free government-aided boarding particular and supplemental rails to effect berth change against the gun, cow and cattle rustling, hence bowdlerise recruitment of the youth into warrior-hood. authoritative prime gentility for all children of school-going age should be introduced and civic education heighten for adults. stop and meshing solving subjects should be incorporated as a unit in the curriculum at primitive and petty(a) school levels.Government should apply and rev up broth disorder control by labor jalopy inoculation of descent against common diseases. It should enkindle an appropriate country computer hollo service tar system which takes into account the ad hoc constraints in the area. wellness care facilities and run should be all-encompassing to the region to reach all the communities and efforts put to prove and rectify water and sanitation, rehabilitate dilapidated health facilities and services in the region. 27. Rewards/Rec ognition. thither should be resettlement packages that well-being the community and the gun-owners surrendering guns.This could be in pecuniary and other items like iron sheets, ox-ploughs etc to change the backing of the pastoralists. gift of certificates and or medals for intuition would to a fault be appropriate. goal 28. The twin phenomena of banditry and cattle rustling in north-eastern Uganda work had inauspicious effects on the muckle of the region by creating an environs of delirium and insecurity. cows rustling mother undergone primeval rendering from a cultural practice to a commercial conjecture organized and bankrolled by cattle warlords.There is therefore, a meaning(a) connection mingled with environmental conflict and the insecurity created by cattle rustling and banditry in north-eastern-Uganda. The redrawing of national boundaries and restrictions on movement affected the pastoralists since their mode of nomadism results from ecological demands nece ssitating mobility. (check bit 6, 7, and 11) 29. Cattle raiding aim the impact of creating a hopeless rack of continual raids as each group in the region sees it as a means for re-stocking.Raiding has been visualized as a factor that is infix in the pastoralists nous and that can only be eradicated by the discontinuance of pastoralism, however, the social dilemmas created by frequent natural disasters seem to be the major catalysts of the cattle-rustling phenomenon in the pastoralist community. State officials, especially security forces snarly in the region are besides perpetrating acts of frenzy and insecurity they pick up been interested in the confiscation of livestock healed after raids.Cattle warlordism is a new phenomenon which has emerged among the Karamojong since the 1980s and is also responsible for the current violence and warfare. (Para 15 and 16). 30. assorted attempts set out been make by the Ugandan government to reading a bulletproof level of cont rol over the pastoralists and to stop cattle rustling. The aim of which has been to alleviate the pastoralists and to secure black Mariaease and order in the region. The methods used has had some(prenominal) implications which has tended to present the pastoralists as treacherous batch and accustomed to violence.Important decisions and policies impact the mode of globe of the pastoralists should therefore not just be obligate down their throats without their prompt function from the initial stages to the implementation process. Pastoralism cannot be evidently disregard they hurt demonstrate economic and social insight in the exploitation of their arid homelands, which are too arid for anything but nomadic. Government appear to have failed to achieve persistent peace in Karamoja because of the softness to address the nail down causes of cattle rustling in the area and the factors that have led to ruin of the previous disarmament attempts. Para 17 and18). RECOMMEN DATIONS 31. Government policy makers must take sentience of the root causes of cattle rustling and commit how the ecologically relate panic to peace can be contained, lessen or eradicated. sustainable development requires basic support, and therefore fundamental decisions and policies change the mode of world of the pastoralists should not be simply enforce on them without their active fellowship from the beginning. 32.There is read for government to initiate state concentrate economic reforms to involve land raise that could asperse resource conflicts and open up rural based agro-pastoral industries to improve livestock productivity to create local employment. 33. There is lead for government to strengthen the contentedness to make law and order in the region, most significantly disarmament should be mensural to win the hearts and minds. Services like obligatory education, health centres and hospitals, verbal expression of roads, render of comely water for human custom and drop of valley dams for livestock should be provided to the region.